Issues for surgery
For treatment of oedema – risk of fluid retention and increased risk of exacerbation of symptoms in heart failure patients if omitted.
Hypovolaemia, hypotension and / or electrolyte disturbances if continued (see Interactions with common anaesthetic agents, Interactions with other common medicines used in the perioperative period and Further information).
Advice in the perioperative period
Elective and emergency surgery
Continue, including combination product (see below).
Correct electrolyte abnormalities (especially hypokalaemia and hypomagnesaemia) prior to surgery – see Further information.
Combination product*:
- Bumetanide + amiloride - also see Amiloride drug monograph
*If necessary, consideration should be given to prescribing the components of combination products as separate medicines perioperatively. However, some components of combination products do not exist as individual medicines (e.g. triamterene). If there is any doubt about the need to continue / withhold component agents of a combination product, advice should be sought from an anaesthetist.
Post-operative advice
Monitor urea and electrolytes (U&E’s) and BP. Dosage reduction should be considered in patients with hypovolaemia, hypotension, or electrolyte disturbances.
Interactions with common anaesthetic agents
Hypotension
Bumetanide can increase the risk of hypotension when used concomitantly with inhalational or intravenous anaesthetics.
Interactions with other common medicines used in the perioperative period
Hypotension
Bumetanide can increase the risk of hypotension when used concomitantly with the antiemetics droperidol and prochlorperazine.
Hypokalaemia
Bumetanide may cause hypokalaemia, increasing the risk of torsade de pointes, which might be additive with the effects of the following (see Further information):
- ciprofloxacin
- clarithromycin
- dexamethasone
- hydrocortisone
- ondansetron
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
The antihypertensive and diuretic effects of bumetanide can be reduced by NSAIDs.
The risk of renal failure and ototoxicity might be increased by concomitant use of NSAIDs and bumetanide. Monitor renal function and electrolytes.
Both bumetanide and NSAIDs can increase the risk of hyponatraemia.
Antimicrobials
Also see Hypokalaemia above.
Concomitant use of aminoglycoside (e.g. gentamicin) with a bumetanide may result in nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, although a clear risk has not been demonstrated. Renal function should normally be monitored when aminoglycosides are given, but increased monitoring may be warranted in patients taking bumetanide.
Whilst single surgical prophylactic doses should not pose a problem, continued post-operative treatment may require close monitoring. Consult current product literature.
Further information
Hypokalaemia
Hypokalaemia is reported to occur in up to 34% of patients undergoing surgery (mostly non-cardiac). It is thought to significantly increase the risk of ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest in cardiac disease. In one study, hypokalaemia was independently associated with perioperative mortality. Care should be taken with patients taking diuretics and patients prone to developing arrhythmias.
NB: Potassium supplementation alone may not be sufficient to correct hypokalaemia in patients who are also deficient in magnesium.
Hypovolaemia
Hypovolaemia increases the risk of hypotension during anaesthesia, especially when pre-operative fluid intake has been restricted, or a patient has received purgative solutions (e.g. before bowel surgery). The response to concurrently administered vasopressors may be diminished and the response to vasodilators may be enhanced due to the reduction in circulating volume.
References
Baxter K, Preston CL (eds), Stockley’s Drug Interactions (online) London: Pharmaceutical Press. http://www.medicinescomplete.com [Accessed on 13th April 2019)
Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary (online) London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press. http://www.medicinescomplete.com [Accessed on 13th April 2019]
Rahman M, Beattie J. Peri-operative medication in patients with cardiovascular disease. PJ 2008 Available at www.pharmaceutical-journal.com [Accessed on 6th May 2019]
The Joint Task Force on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA). 2014 ESC/ESA Guidelines on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management. European Heart Journal. 2014; 35:2383-2431