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Issues for surgery

Risk of perioperative disease flare (potentially leading to an increase in glucocorticoid use), if omitted.

Risk of post-operative infection if continued.

Advice in the perioperative period

Elective surgery 

Establish indication and dose frequency (see Further information).

The Surgical Team and patient’s Rheumatologist, along with the patient, should be involved in the planning for elective surgery to balance the potential benefit of preventing post-operative infection by stopping abatacept against the risk of developing severe or unstable disease.

Modifiable risk factors for perioperative infection, such as glycaemic control and smoking should ideally be addressed prior to surgery.

Glucocorticoid use is associated with increased perioperative infection in a dose dependent manner. Where possible consider delaying elective surgery until patients taking abatacept can be managed on less than 15mg prednisolone (or equivalent).

Minor procedures

Consider continuing abatacept before low-risk surgery (i.e. surgery without a break in sterile technique, during which the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and genitourinary tracts are not entered) e.g. endoscopy, bronchoscopy, hysteroscopy, cystoscopy, breast biopsy, dermatologic or ophthalmological procedures.

All other procedures

Surgery should be scheduled to enable the patient to miss ONE dose (i.e., scheduling surgery for a minimum of 29 days after administration of intravenous monthly abatacept or 8 days after weekly subcutaneous abatacept).

EXCEPT:

If the Surgical Team deem the procedure to be of especially high infection risk, consider stopping 3-5 half-lives before surgery. Be mindful that a flare in disease activity may occur, which may result in glucocorticoids being administered, further increasing the infection risk (see Further information).

Emergency surgery 

Withhold any doses due in the immediate post-operative period. Monitor closely for infection if patient has received an intravenous dose of abatacept in previous 4 weeks or subcutaneous dose of abatacept in previous week.

Perioperative considerations

Control of body temperature and avoidance of blood transfusion may minimise the risk of infectio¹.

Post-operative advice

If stopped, recommence post-operatively when there is evidence of wound healing, all sutures and staples are out, there is no significant swelling, erythema, or drainage, and there is no ongoing nonsurgical site infection. This is typically around 14 days post-operatively.

Interactions with common anaesthetic agents

None.

Interactions with other common medicines used in the perioperative period

None.

Further information

Indications, dosing frequency and half-life

Abatacept is used for rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. Doses of the intravenous product are usually given fortnightly for 3 doses then monthly thereafter, whereas doses of the subcutaneous product are given weekly. Abatacept has a half-life of approximately 13 days.

Rationale for recommendations - risk of infection versus risk of perioperative disease flare

Currently there is limited evidence regarding the risk of infection in patients who continue biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), e.g. abatacept perioperatively. Several meta-analyses have been conducted; however, the methodology of the underpinning studies is not comparable with respect to confounding factors and stopping duration. Thus, recommendations from eminent societies are largely based on expert opinion.

The recommendation to continue abatacept prior to minor procedures is extrapolated from the American Academy of Dermatologists / National Psoriasis Foundation (ADD / NPF) guidelines who advise bDMARDs can safely be continued before minor surgery. The British Society for Rheumatology (BSR), American College of Rheumatology / American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons (ACR / AAHKS) and German Society for Rheumatology (GSR) advise planning surgery in most patients for after one dose of abatacept has been missed when the nadir of the drug is at its lowest. This pragmatic approach seeks to minimise the stopping period and thus the risk of a perioperative flare in symptoms which would result in an increase in glucocorticoid use, which would further increase the risk of infection. However, they caveat that if surgery is associated with a very high risk of infection consideration should be given to stopping for 3-5 half-lives, but this must be balanced against the risk of perioperative disease flare, particularly as studies suggest there is no difference in perioperative outcomes with shorter versus longer interruption of abatacept.

Conversely the Australian recommendations suggest it may be possible to continue bDMARDs perioperatively (unless individuals have a high risk of infection or where impact of infection would be severe when surgery should be timed as outlined above). Whilst there is little evidence to support or refute this recommendation, there may be more evidence for this once the PERISCOPE trial has been evaluated. This clinical trial involves randomising patients on bDMARDs for inflammatory arthritis to either continue or stop bDMARDs prior to elective orthopaedic surgery, including arthroplasty, however patient recruitment is just starting, and publication is not anticipated until at least 2026.

References

1. Albrecht, K. Poddubnyy, D. Leipe, J. et al. Perioperative management of patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases: Updated recommendations of the German Society for Rheumatology. Zeitschrift fur Rheumatologie. 2022, 82: 1-11. Doi:10.1007/s00393-021-01150-9
   
   
2. Baxter K, Preston CL (eds), Stockley’s Drug Interactions (online) London: Pharmaceutical Press. http://www.medicinescomplete.com [Accessed 2^nd February 2024]
   
   
3. Buchbinder, R. Glennon, V. Johnston RV. et Australian recommendations on perioperative use of disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in people with inflammatory arthritis undergoing elective surgery. Internal Medicine Journal. 2023,53:1248–1255 doi:10.1111/imj.16073
   
   
4. Goodman, SM. Springer, BD. Chen AF. American College of Rheumatology and American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons (AAHKS) 2022 American College of Rheumatology / American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons Guideline for the Perioperative Management of Antirheumatic Medication in Patients with Rheumatic Diseases Undergoing Elective Total Hip or Total Knee Arthroplasty. 2022;74(9):1399-1408 doi:10.1002/acr.24893
   
   
5. Holroyd, CR. Seth, R. Bukhari, M. et al. The British Society for Rheumatology biologic DMARD safety guidelines in inflammatory arthritis. Rheumatology. 2019; 58:220-226 doi:10.1093/rheumatology/key207
   
   
6. In: Brayfield A (Ed), Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. London: The Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Electronic version. Truven Health Analytics, Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA. Available at: http://www.micromedexsolutions.com [Accessed 2^nd February 2024]
   
   
7. Joint Formulary Committee. British National Formulary (online) London: BMJ Group and Pharmaceutical Press http://www.medicinescomplete.com [Accessed 2^nd February 2024]
   
   
8. Menter, A. Strober, BE. Kaplan DH. et Derm Joint AAD-NPF guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019; 80:1029-1072 doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2018.11.057
   
   
9. Moreira P, Correia A, Cerquerira M, Gil M. Perioperative management of disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and other immunomodulators. ARP Rheumatol. 2022; 3: 218-224
   
   
10. Pandit, H. & Mankia, K. PERI-operative biologic DMARD management: Stoppage or COntinuation during orthoPaEdic operations: The PERISCOPE trial. Protocol v1.0 (February 2023).
    
    
11. Summary of Product Characteristics – ORENCIA^® (abatacept) 250 mg powder for concentrate for solution for infusion. Bristol Myers Squibb Pharmaceuticals limited. Accessed via medicines.org.uk 02/02/24 [date of revision of the text January 2021]